What does discrimination refer to?

Discrimination refers to the practice of treating individuals differently based on their membership in a particular group, such as race, gender, religion, or other characteristics. This goes beyond simply evaluating someone's abilities or merits; it involves observable actions that either disadvantage or advantage a person due to their group identity.

In this context, the correct choice emphasizes that discrimination is not just about what one thinks or believes but includes concrete actions that manifest as preferential or adverse treatment. Such actions can have significant implications for individuals and groups within various social and professional contexts, making it essential to understand the nuances of discrimination in order to foster an environment of equality and respect.

The other choices highlight aspects related to behavior or perceptions but do not accurately capture the essence of discrimination. Evaluating individual merit, for example, is a separate concept, focusing on skills and abilities rather than group identity. Similarly, interactions based on stereotypes do not necessarily involve actions taken against or in favor of someone based on their group membership. Lastly, cultural effectiveness pertains to an individual's ability to navigate and engage with diverse cultures, which is distinct from the concept of discrimination itself.